Hybrid Finite-Discrete Element Modelling of Excavation Damaged Zone Formation Process Induced by Blasts in a Deep Tunnel

Figure 1

Rock fracture process by blasts in an infinite rock mass (a–d) or a rock mass with one free surface (e) (after Kutter and Fairhurst, 1971) [5]: (a) formation of crushed zone; (b) formation of cracked zone; (c) long radial crack initiation and propagation; (d) fracture pattern of a fully contained explosion; (e) stress wave propagation and reflection at the free surface or joint element.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)