Impact of R&D&I on the Performance of Spanish Construction Companies

Table 1

Factors at the individual, group, and organizational levels.

Number	Factor	Description	Sources
9	Knowledge transfer	Transfer of project learning to ongoing business practices	[54]
10	Motivation	Highly motivated working teams	[56]
11	Public policy instruments	Public policy instruments that promote R&D such as incentives to revalue scores in bids, use of new methodologies (BIM), tax reductions, and subsidies	[57]
12	Feedback cycles	Feedback cycles at various stages of innovation	[58–62]
13	Technology and equipment	Technology and equipment such as tools, equipment, and heavy machinery	[63]
14	Influence of the client	Influence of the client such as his or her requirements, competence, and level of sophistication	[7, 54, 57, 64–66]
15	Recruitment of new graduates	Recruitment of new graduates	[61]
16	Collaboration	Staff collaboration, cooperation, and camaraderie	[49]
17	External influences	External influences such as contractors, trade unions, employers, and trade associations	[67, 68]
18	Customer satisfaction	Quality management systems focused on customer satisfaction	[46, 69]
19	Internal sources	Internal sources of information such as groups of companies, departments, and workers	[55]
20	Construction market sources	Construction market sources such as competitors or other companies in the same field
21	Education and research	Sources of education and research such as universities or other institutions of higher education
22	Professional and industry associations	Professional and sector associations such as chambers of commerce and engineering colleges
23	Software acquisition	Acquisition of software to meet current demands with appropriate tools	[13]
24	Contracting technology	Contracting technology such as the acquisition of rights to use patents, nonpatented inventions, licenses, trademarks, designs, know-how, technical assistance, or technological services
25	R&D personnel	Formally established R&D personnel in the company
26	Decentralized organizations	Decentralized organizations, often referred to as “skunkworks.” These refer to organizations with a high degree of autonomy, in which a small and structured group of people work on researching and developing a project mainly for the sake of innovation	[70, 71]