Seismic Stability of Loess Tunnel with Rainfall Seepage

Figure 6

Plastic strain nephograms of the rock surrounding the tunnel with different loess cover thicknesses: (a) 30 m,  = 2.251; (b) 60 m,  = 2.269; (c) 80 m;  = 2.278.

(a)

(b)

(c)