Seismic Stability of Loess Tunnel with Rainfall Seepage

Figure 8

Plastic strain nephograms of the loess mass surrounding the tunnel for different overburden thicknesses: (a) 30 m,  = 2.265; (b) 60 m,  = 2.266; (c) 80 m,  = 2.669.

(a)

(b)

(c)