Seismic Stability of Loess Tunnel with Rainfall Seepage

Table 1

Material parameters.

Material category	Elastic modulus (GPa)	Poisson’s ratio	Gravity (kN/m^3)	Cohesive force (MPa)	Internal friction angle (°)
Loess	0.1	0.35	18.5	0.145	33
Initial lining	30	0.2	25	—	—
Secondary lining	30	0.2	25	—	—