Evaluating Lateral Spreading Using Newmark Method Based on Liquefaction Triggering

Table 1

Soil parameters used for nonlinear effective analysis.

Soil layers	Unit weight (kN/m^3)	Thickness (m)	Vs (m/s)	Initial modulus (kPa)	Modulus reduction curves	Damping ratio curves
Unit A	19.4	2.5	90	16171	Sand, lower bound [27]	Sand, lower bound [27]
Unit B1	19.4	1.0	110	24174	Sand, lower bound [27]	Sand, lower bound [27]
Unit B2	19.4	2.7	120	28780	Sand, lower bound [27]	Sand, lower bound [27]
Unit C	19.4	5.8	180	64756	PI = 30 [28]	PI = 30 [28]