Progresses in Synthesis of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer

Figure 1

Various action forms of PCE (main chains): (a) homopolymer effect (ring-shaped, serial, and caudate), (b) end-effector effect (caudate), (c) role effect (2 caudate), (d) flat-like effect, (e) vertical effect of rigid chain, (f) lying adsorption of rigid chain, (g) effect of block copolymer, and (h) tooth effect of graft copolymer.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)