Effect of Particle Shape on Repose Angle Based on Hopper Flow Test and Discrete Element Method

Table 1

Simulation parameters in DEM of the hopper flow test.

Parameters	Value
Ballast particle normal stiffness (N·m^−1)	5 × 10^7
Ballast particle shear stiffness (N·m^−1)	5 × 10^7
Wall normal stiffness (N·m^−1)	10^8
Wall shear stiffness (N·m^−1)	10^8
Ballast particle density (kg·m^−3)	2550
Pebble-facet friction coefficient (in hopper)	0.2
Pebble-facet friction coefficient (ground)	0.5
Pebble-pebble friction coefficient	0.6