Prediction of Highway Tunnel Pavement Performance Based on Digital Twin and Multiple Time Series Stacking

Table 5

Prediction error without considering time series features.

Algorithm name	Prediction error
	SVR	0.1815	0.0653	7.31%
Ridge	0.2033	0.0746	8.00%
XGBoost	0.1994	0.0748	7.69%
ANN	0.1937	0.0745	7.71%
RF	0.1909	0.0706	7.57%
Stacking	0.1808	0.0643	7.23%