Review Article
Special Issue “Digital Twin Technology in the AEC Industry”
Table 4
Summary of SSD strategies and classifications.
| | Strategy | Indicator | Scope/level | Embodied phase | Life cycle operational phase | End-of-life phase |
| | Minimize material use [26] | Volume (m3)/weight (kg) | Material/structure/building | ✓ | | | | Minimize global warming [37] | Equivalent carbon (kg CO2eq) | Material/structure | ✓ | | | | Minimize energy [25] | MJ | Material/structure/building | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | Minimize nonrenewable energy [24] | MJ | Material/structure/ | ✓ | | | | Minimize total cost [75] | USD/GBP/EUR | Structure/building | ✓ | | ✓ | | Minimize total weight [75] | Weight (kg/ton) | Structure/building | ✓ | | | | Maximize material or system reuse [36] | Volume (m3)/weight (kg) | Material/structure | | | ✓ | | Maximize material recycling [36] | Volume (m3)/weight | Material/structure | | | ✓ | | Maximize human health [35] | VOC (volatile organic compound) | Structure/building | ✓ | ✓ | |
|
|
