Key Factors Affecting the Deformation and Failure of Surrounding Rock Masses in Large-Scale Underground Powerhouses

<div>The stress-dominated failures in the Baihetan left bank underground powerhouse: (a) the correlation between the principal stresses and the powerhouse axis; (b) a hollow after spalling and shotcrete layer cracks at the upstream side of the arch.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 3

Figure 3: Key Factors Affecting the Deformation and Failure of Surrounding Rock Masses in Large-Scale Underground Powerhouses 