Cause Analysis of Hindering On-Site Lean Construction for Prefabricated Buildings and Corresponding Organizational Capability Evaluation

Table 3

Barriers to on-site lean construction (LC) for prefabricated buildings.

Code	Barriers	Sources	Explanations/examples
B1	Complexity of work	[65]	The higher the complexity of work, the greater the resistance to on-site LC in prefabricated buildings
B2	Severity of weather	[65]	Sudden gale will affect the hoisting of precast components, which is not conducive to on-site LC
B3	Lower prefabrication	Interview	Lower prefabrication will result in a lot of concrete pouring and steel tying
B4	Multilayer subcontracting	[36]	More multilayer subcontracting is not conducive to collaboration between teams in prefabricated buildings
B5	Poor materials	[13]	Poor materials (e.g., accuracy of precast components) will adversely affect on-site LC
B6	Fierce market competition environment	[45]	Too fierce market competition is not conducive to on-site LC (e.g., no time to adopt new technology)
B7	High turnover of workforce	[35]	The high turnover of workforce is detrimental to their conscientiousness and skills of on-site LC
B8	Absence of lean awareness/thinking	[38]	The absence of lean awareness is not conducive to the refined operation of precast components
B9	Inadequate professional skills of workers	[40]	The inadequate professional skills mean that workers lack the skills to match the on-site LC
B10	Inadequate professional management capability of managers	[35]	The inadequate professional management capability means that managers lack the capability to match the on-site LC
B11	Absence of support from senior leaders	[46]	On-site LC has not received enough attention from project managers and even the government
B12	Resistance to changes in LC	[46]	Due to time pressure, lack of skills, and adherence to old habits, employees are resistant to LC
B13	Tolerance of untidy workplaces	[35]	The 5S, an on-site LC technique, requires tidy workplaces
B14	Nonrecognition of LC advantages	[41]	The nonrecognition of LC advantages may bring resistance to the implementation of on-site LC
B15	Lack of appropriate lean technology or tools	[44]	The operation of precast components lacks corresponding lean tools
B16	Insufficient standardization	[42]	Prefabricated buildings are insufficient in the standardization of process, equipment, and operation
B17	Absence of organizational structure and culture regarding LC	[47]	The promotion and application of LC need corresponding organizational structure and culture
B18	Absence of relevant incentives	[34]	Since LC breaks the usual habitual practice, its promotion and application need relevant incentives
B19	Lack of training and education regarding LC	[37]	The installation, grouting, and caulking training of precast components are necessary for on-site LC
B20	Lower informatization	[4]	Informatization is conducive to the dynamic tracking of precast components
B21	Insufficient program planning	[48]	The insufficient program planning may cause a delay in the lifting schedule of precast components
B22	Lack of effective supervision and control	[49]	Lack of effective supervision and control may cause the quality problems of precast component installation
B23	Excessive cost savings during construction	Interview	The excessive cost savings are not conducive to the promotion and application of LC
B24	Insufficient funds during construction	[41]	The insufficient funds affect the sustainability of on-site construction in prefabricated buildings
B25	Less personal empowerment	[39]	The less personal empowerment may affect the performance of employees’ on-site LC
B26	Avoid making decisions and taking responsibility	[35]	Prefabricated buildings require professional teams and managers with a high sense of responsibility
B27	Lack of performance evaluation	[50]	The lack of performance evaluation affects the enthusiasm of employees
B28	Insufficient attention to green and environmental protection	[41]	The green and environmental protection is also a requirement of on-site LC in prefabricated buildings
B29	Lack of transparency	[38]	Transparent and accurate information is conducive to accurate decisions and actions
B30	Cooperation problems outside the construction department	[50]	Suppliers supply precast components on time to avoid the idleness in on-site construction
B31	Cooperation within the construction department	[51]	Teams compete for a tower crane during the on-site construction of prefabricated buildings