Discrete Element Analysis of the Load Transfer Mechanism of Geogrid-Ballast Interface under Pull-Out Load

Table 1

Micromechanical parameter of the DEM model [15].

Category	Micromechanical parameter	Ballast	Geogrid
Particle	Density, ρ (kg/m^3)	2700	800
	Porosity	0.45
Linear bond	Normal stiffness, kn (N/m)	0.52 × 10^8	1.77 × 10^7
	Shear stiffness, ks (N/m)	0.52 × 10^8	0.88 × 10^7
	Coefficient of friction, u	0.8	0.5
Parallel bond	Normal stiffness, knp (N/m^3)		5.68 × 10^11
	Shear stiffness, ksp (N/m^3)		5.68 × 10^11
	Normal strength, snp (N/m^2)		4.56 × 10^8
	Shear strength, ssp (N/m^2)		4.56 × 10^8
	Radius multiplier, rp		0.5