Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Detecting Deeply Embedded Reinforcing Bars in Pile Foundation

Table 1

Electromagnetic parameters of construction materials [11].

Material	Relative dielectric permittivity,	Wave velocity, (cm/ns)	Relative conductibility, (S/m)
Air	1	30
Freshwater	81	3.3
Dry sand	3–6	12.2–17.3
Cement	5	13.4
Gravel	6	12.2
Concrete	4–20	6.7–15
Plastic (PVC)	3.3	16.5	1.34
Iron	300	0