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| Categories | Factors affecting the occurrence of quality defects for sleeve grouting | Source | Literature review and brainstorm | Expert interview | Key factors identified |
|
| Manpower | Poor responsibility of supervisors (F1) | Liu et al. [37] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Lack of experienced workers (F2) | Zhang [38], Qiu and Qian [39], | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Technical disclosure ineffective (F3) | Li et al. [40], Li and Hu [41] | √ | ⊠ | — |
| Understanding deviation of production drawings (F4) | Wang et al. [42] | √ | ⊠ | — |
| Mental state of workers (F18) | Interview | — | √ | √ |
|
| Machine | Poor mechanical performance of grouting (F12) | Zheng et al. [43] | √ | √ | √ |
|
| Material | Quality problems of raw grouting materials (F9) | Huang et al. [44], Huang [45], Gao and Zhang [46], Chen et al. [47], Wang et al. [42, 46] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Incomplete exhaust after standing (F10) | Ma et al. [48], Li and Hu [41], Zheng et al. [26] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Inadequate fluidity of grouting material (F11) | Yang et al. [49], Huang et al. [44] | √ | ☑ | √ |
|
| Method | Joint sealing is not tight (F8) | Li and Hu [41], Huang [50] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Reinforcement connection is not in place (F6) | Wang, et al. [42], Yan [51], Alam, et al. [52], Alam et al. [53] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| The grouting process is not standardized (F13) | Zhang [38], Qiu and Qian [39], Li and Hu [41], Yan [51] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Construction technology with insufficient accuracy (F14) | Xue and Tan [54] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Loose-sealing rubber plug (F15) | Li et al. [28] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Lack of auxiliary technology application (F16) | Gao et al. [55] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Grouting speed (F20) | Interview | — | √ | √ |
|
| Environment | Inadequate protection measures (F5) | Zhang [38], Li and Hu [41] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Ash not cleared in time (F7) | Zhang [38], Li and Chen [56], Huang [50] | √ | ☑ | √ |
| Working environment (F19) | Interview | — | √ | √ |
| Weather condition (F17) | Interview | — | √ | √ |
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