Optimization of Construction Parameters and Deformation Characteristics of Large-Section Loess Tunnel: A Case Study from Xi’an Metro

<div>Vault settlement characteristics of caverns ①, ②, and ⑤. (a) Vault settlement curve of cavern ①. (b) Vault settlement curve of cavern ②. (c) Vault settlement curve of cavern ⑤. (d) Relationship between maximum vault settlement and excavation face distance (<i>L</i><sub>3</sub>).</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 12

Figure 12: Optimization of Construction Parameters and Deformation Characteristics of Large-Section Loess Tunnel: A Case Study from Xi’an Metro 