Optimization of Construction Parameters and Deformation Characteristics of Large-Section Loess Tunnel: A Case Study from Xi’an Metro

<div>Surface settlement characteristics of CK9 + 462 section. (a) Surface settlement curve. (b) Relationship between maximum vault settlement, surface settlement, and excavation face distance (<i>L</i><sub>1</sub>).</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 3: Optimization of Construction Parameters and Deformation Characteristics of Large-Section Loess Tunnel: A Case Study from Xi’an Metro 