In Situ Frost-Heaving Characteristics of Shallow Layer of Soil Slopes in Intermittently Frozen Region Based on PFC^3D

Table 7

Average displacement and average contact force of particles and blocks in the frozen layer.

Conditions	Davg, H of layer (mm)	Davg, H of blocks (mm)	Cavg, s-s (N)	Cavg, b-s (N)
45-N	0.112	—	0.288	—
45-S	0.121	0.161	0.278	0.299
45-M	0.125	0.187	0.264	0.289
45-L	0.106	0.118	0.236	0.263
60-N	0.127	—	0.262	—
60-L	0.118	0.109	0.226	0.258

Notes: D_{avg, H} and D_{avg, H} are the horizontal and vertical average displacement of the frozen layer; C_{avg, s-s} and C_{avg, b-s} stand for the contact force between soil particles and that between soil particles to block. Note: 45-N, 45-S, 45-M, 45-L, 60-N, and 60-L mean 45° slope without a block, 45° slope with a small block, 45° slope with a medium block, 45° slope with a large block, and 60° slope without a block, and 60° slope with a large block, respectively. — means not applicable.