Machine Learning-Based Modeling with Optimization Algorithm for Predicting Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete

Table 6

Statistics for the training, testing, and validation dataset of the models.

Models	Dataset	NSE	R	RMSE	MAE	RSE	RRMSE	ρ	OF
CS	Training	0.87	0.91	3.47	2.96	0.16	0.04	0.020	0.036
	Testing	0.89	0.94	2.98	2.98	0.12	0.09	0.046
	Validation	0.89	0.93	2.87	1.67	0.15	0.04	0.020
ST	Training	0.85	0.90	2.43	3.67	0.23	0.09	0.047	0.031
	Testing	0.91	0.92	2.65	3.69	0.26	0.12	0.062
	Validation	0.90	0.92	3.25	3.98	0.31	0.10	0.052
FS	Training	0.86	0.91	3.92	1.87	0.29	0.13	0.068	0.052
	Testing	0.87	0.91	3.34	1.45	0.28	0.15	0.078
	Validation	0.86	0.93	3.67	2.87	0.19	0.16	0.079