Experimental Study on Local Scour and Related Mechanical Effects at River-Crossing Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines

Figure 10

Pressure and strain on the surface of the pipeline which is buried under the riverbed: (a) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −2, (b) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −2, (c) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −1.5, (d) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −1.5, (e) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −1, and (f) srain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is −1.

(a)

(b)

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(e)

(f)