Experimental Study on Local Scour and Related Mechanical Effects at River-Crossing Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines

Figure 12

Pressure and strain on the surface of the pipeline which is suspended on the riverbed: (a) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 0, (b) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 0, (c) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 0.5, (d) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 0.5, (e) pressure on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 1, and (f) strain on the surface of the pipeline when the embedment ratio is 1.

(a)

(b)

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(d)

(e)

(f)