Shear Strength Behavior of Sand Reinforced by Kraft Paper Using the Ring Shear Apparatus

Table 2

Comparison of shear strength indexes.

Reinforcement category	Material parameter
	Reinforcement width (cm)	C (kPa)	εc (%)	φ (°)	φr (%)
Nonreinforced sand	0	0.4	0	38.9	0
Vertical reinforcement	0.2	20.2	4950	32.6	−16.20
	0.4	10.4	2500	34.0	−12.60
	0.6	12.2	2950	34.9	−10.28
	0.8	13.5	3275	36.6	−5.91
Horizontal ring-shaped reinforcement	0.2	11.8	2850	36.9	−5.14
	0.4	17.4	4250	36.4	−6.43
	0.6	11.0	2650	34.9	−10.28
	0.8	8.5	2025	34.3	−11.83