Analysis of Ground Movement during Large-Scale Pipe Roof Installation and Artificial Ground Freezing of Gongbei Tunnel

Table 5

Thermo-physical properties and frost heave ratio of soil strata.

Soil stratum	Specific heat (J·(kg·K)^−1)		Thermal conductivity (W·(m·K)^−1)					Frost heave ratio (%)
	B	A	−20°C	−10°C	−0.5°C	10°C	20°C	B	A
Fill	1420	1360	2.292	1.974	1.765	1.633	1.295	6.63	5.46
Clay and silt ③-1	1410	1340	2.248	2.053	1.795	1.421	1.245	6.59	5.23
Fine to coarse sand ③-3	1400	1330	2.245	2.049	1.763	1.413	1.224	4.25	3.53
Sandy clay and silt ④-3	1510	1450	2.391	2.011	1.885	1.734	1.409	6.32	5.02
Fine sand ⑤-2	1420	1360	2.358	2.073	2.008	1.748	1.479	4.13	3.61
Fine to coarse sand ⑥-2	1430	1360	2.338	2.051	1.878	1.681	1.375	3.82	2.88
Silty clay ⑦-1	1580	1470	2.371	2.091	1.896	1.684	1.541	5.36	4.37

Note. B represents soil parameters before grouting; A represents soil parameters after grouting.