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| Authors | Data set size | Method | Reliable condition |
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| Omar et al. [7] | Footing width, effective unit weight, and SPT blow count | Artificial neural network | Shallow foundation on granular soils |
| Wang et al. [8] | Soil properties and parameters related to the pile, such as pile spacing, pile length, and cap width | A calculation model for predicting the additional stresses in the composite foundation soil and the layerwise summation method | Composite foundation with sparse prestressed tubular concrete (PTC) capped-piles under embankment |
| Meng et al. [9] | The compression parameters of underlying soils related to soil disturbance degree | The layerwise summation method | Ground and tunnel |
| Eid et al. [3] | Pile-subgrade stiffness ratios for piled foundations on nonhomogeneous media | Three-dimensional finite-element (FE) analysis | The elastic settlement of piled foundations resting on rock |
| Hong et al. [2] | The time-extended loading residual settlement and settlement rate calculated from the field test data | An improved static loading test method, time-extended loading test | Pile-soil composite subgrade |
| Kermani et al. [10] | Rockfill modulus and rock strength | A novel approach considering the dam’s deformation behavior during construction | Concrete face rockfill dams |
| Wang et al. [5] | Three appropriate points for the measured settlement curve in the prediction samples | A three-point hyperbolic combination model | Subgrade filled with construction and demolition waste |
| Cai et al. [11] | The calculated dynamic stresses | The equivalent timeline model combined with the cyclic strain accumulation model | The long-term settlements of roads on soft soil under cyclic traffic loadings |
| Mohammed et al. [12] | The width of footing, pressure of footing, geometry of footing, count of SPT blow, and ratio of footing embedment | Machine learning models | Settlement of shallow foundation over cohesion soil properties |
| Tang et al. [13] | The observation data of settlement during construction | The Hushino model, hyperbolic curve method, and exponential curve method | Foundation after construction |
| Ding [14] and Zhang et al. [15] | The design parameters | Numerical simulation approach | Pile-soil composite subgrade |
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