Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Single Machine Learning Models: A Case Study from Pithoragarh District, India

Table 1

Investigating the relationship between influencing factors and historical landslides events.

Influencing factor	Class	Class pixels	Landslide pixels	% of class pixels	% of landslide pixels	FR
Slope (^o)	0–17.831476	78092	34	11.48	8.44	0.73
	17.831476–28.20698	151464	64	22.28	15.88	0.71
	28.20698–36.955399	214040	110	31.48	27.30	0.87
	36.955399–47.008942	177197	146	26.06	36.23	1.39
	47.008942–88.675705	59172	49	8.70	12.16	1.40
Aspect	Flat	8	0	0.00	0.00	0.00
	North	73688	2	10.84	0.50	0.05
	Northeast	82949	9	12.20	2.23	0.18
	East	77994	15	11.47	3.72	0.32
	Southeast	91582	98	13.47	24.32	1.81
	South	99895	93	14.69	23.08	1.57
	Southwest	112712	104	16.58	25.81	1.56
	West	77390	70	11.38	17.37	1.53
	Northwest	63747	12	9.38	2.98	0.32
Curvature	Concave (<−0.05)	327448	242	48.16	60.05	0.80
	Flat (−0.05–0.05)	24118	4	3.55	0.99	3.57
	Convex (>0.05)	328399	157	48.30	38.96	1.24
Elevation (m)	551–1000	67334	217	9.90	53.85	5.46
	1000–1400	129487	163	19.04	40.45	2.13
	1400–1800	142551	23	20.96	5.71	0.27
	1800–2200	103742	0	15.26	0.00	0.00
	2200–2600	70883	0	10.42	0.00	0.00
	2600–3000	50912	0	7.49	0.00	0.00
	3000–3400	44923	0	6.61	0.00	0.00
	3400–3800	35722	0	5.25	0.00	0.00
	3800–4448	34411	0	5.06	0.00	0.00
Geomorphology	Alluvial flood plain	10738	20	1.58	4.96	3.14
	Colluvial cone	12372	20	1.82	4.96	2.73
	Denudational hillslope	11320	0	1.66	0.00	0.00
	Escarpment	33142	32	4.87	7.94	1.63
	Highly dissected hills	169413	0	24.91	0.00	0.00
	Intermontane plateau	8901	47	1.31	11.66	8.91
	Lowly dissected hills	125714	134	18.49	33.25	1.80
	Moderately dissected slope	257637	57	37.89	14.14	0.37
	Ridge	2262	0	0.33	0.00	0.00
	River	7634	0	1.12	0.00	0.00
	Terrace	20227	85	2.97	21.09	7.09
	Transportational mid slope	20605	8	3.03	1.99	0.66
Lithology	Group 1	10524	13	1.55	3.23	2.09
	Group 2	4889	0	0.72	0.00	0.00
	Group 3	2229	0	0.33	0.00	0.00
	Group 4	934	0	0.14	0.00	0.00
	Group 5	46595	1	6.85	0.25	0.04
	Group 6	431	0	0.06	0.00	0.00
	Group 7	56013	79	8.24	19.60	2.39
	Group 8	18060	0	2.66	0.00	0.00
	Group 9	145233	18	21.36	4.47	0.21
	Group 10	4563	0	0.67	0.00	0.00
	Group 11	12901	0	1.90	0.00	0.00
	Group 12	239	0	0.04	0.00	0.00
	Group 13	222105	165	32.66	40.94	1.26
	Group 14	23382	0	3.44	0.00	0.00
	Group 15	15561	63	2.29	15.63	6.86
	Group 16	100193	1	14.74	0.25	0.02
	Group 17	10168	63	1.50	15.63	10.50
	Group 18	5945	0	0.87	0.00	0.00
Land cover	Barren rocky slope	64898	0	9.54	0.00	0.00
	Cultivated land	230	0	0.03	0.00	0.00
	Moderately vegetated	101713	19	14.96	4.71	0.32
	River	6703	0	0.99	0.00	0.00
	Settlement	1262	0	0.19	0.00	0.00
	Sparsely vegetated	79783	253	11.73	62.78	5.35
	Thickly vegetated	392670	63	57.75	15.63	0.27
	Wasteland	32706	68	4.81	16.87	3.51
Distance to roads (m)	0–100	30626	228	4.50	56.58	12.62
	100–200	26040	88	3.83	21.84	5.73
	200–300	23462	11	3.45	2.73	0.79
	300–400	21727	5	3.20	1.24	0.39
	400–500	20576	0	3.03	0.00	0.00
	>500	557534	71	81.99	17.62	0.22
Distance to rivers (m)	0–100	25667	124	3.77	30.77	8.19
	100–200	25331	79	3.73	19.60	5.29
	200–300	25346	22	3.73	5.46	1.47
	300–400	25247	25	3.71	6.20	1.68
	400–500	25111	10	3.69	2.48	0.67
	>500	553263	143	81.37	35.48	0.44
Valley depth (m)	0 m	94613	28	13.91	6.95	0.50
	0-1 m	271934	77	39.99	19.11	0.48
	1-2 m	186081	101	27.37	25.06	0.92
	2–5 m	106521	97	15.67	24.07	1.54
	>5 m	20816	100	3.06	24.81	8.14