Life Cycle Ecological Footprint Reduction for a Tropical Building

Table 1

Details of related EF equations and parameters.

Equations	Parameters	Constants
EFT = EFe&m + EFt + EFm + EFwe +  + EFland	EFe&m = EF of energy and building materials	Emission factor of electricity(λelectricity) is about 0.82 tCO2/MWh [35]; Aoc = percentage of CO2 absorptionin oceans (i.e., 30% [36]); Af = CO2 absorption factor of forests(i.e., 2.68 tCO2/ha [37]); ei = equivalence factor of different typesof bioproductive land [38] (Table 4)
	EFt = EF of transportation
	EFm = EF of manpower
	EFwe = EF of waste assimilation
	= EF of water use
	EFland = EF of builtup/physical land
	= emission during the lifespan of building
	M = materials total embodied CO2 emission
	Ec = direct energy consumption (i.e., machinery used) during construction
	Eo = annual electrical energy consumption
	Ed = direct energy consumption during demolition
	Lb = building lifespan (i.e., assumed as 60 years)
	λi = emission factor of fuel (i.e., diesel fuel, electricity, etc.)
	Cwood = wood consumption in building
	Ywood = yield of wood (i.e., 73 m^3/ha [39])
	Cmi = consumption i^th material during a building lifespan (ton)
	Dmi = the transported average distance of i^th material
	Cwj = waste generation (ton)
	Dwj = transported average distance of j^th waste material
	Mk = number of labourers travelled by labourer
	Dmk = distance travelled by labourer
	Tc = the capacity (3.5 ton) of HDV
	Tb = the capacity (50 passengers) of bus
	λfuel = diesel emission factor (3.17 CO2 kg/kg of diesel [40])
	EHDV = average fuel efficiency of HDV (0.222 kg of fuel/km [40])
	Ebus = average fuel efficiency of bus (0.238 kg of fuel/km [40])
	dw = total labour-days required during lifespan of building
	fd = intake fraction of food that consumed during working (0.6)
	Cfi = food item consumption (kg/person)
	Yfi = food item annual yield (kg/ha)
	Cfuelj = fuel used for food preparation (kg/person)
	λfuelj = fuel emission factor (tCO2/kg of fuel)
	Cwi = the amount of waste generated during building life (m^3)
	Ywi = the yield of C&D waste disposal
	= water use in building (m^3)
	= energy required to uplift groundwater
EFland = Ab. ebuilt land	Ab = the total area of occupied land of building (ha)