Review of InfraRed Thermography and Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications for Building Assessment

Table 2

Summary table of the state-of-the-art of IRT and GPR techniques applied to structural safety application in the building sector.

Application	Materials	IRT	GPR	Other NDTs	References
Detection of hidden targets or structural elements (tension cables, grade beams, conduits)	Hidden wiring control under the most common cladding materials: drywall, PVC lining boards, ceiling and chipboard panels	✓			Petrosyants [19]
	Existence of corridors under the building		✓		Núñez-Nieto et al. [20]; Pérez-Gracia et al. [21]
	Supporting structures (floor)		✓		Pérez-Gracia et al. [21]
	Post-tensioned cables (concrete slab) (servicing a manufacturing facility)		✓		Gehrig et al. [22]
Identification of concrete degradation	Concrete structures externally reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites	✓			Yumnam et al. [23]
	Reinforced concrete (floor)		✓		Lorenzo et al. [24]
Detection of cracks, fractures, and voids	Mortar board, extrapolated to building scale	✓			Bauer et al. [25]
	Masonry façade with ceramic tile	✓			Bauer et al. [26]
	Steel fiber-reinforced concrete	✓		Ultrasonic Rayleigh waves	Aggelis et al. [27]
	Masonry made of bricks and tuff, and reinforced with a thin high-strength and high-conductive fibre fabric		✓	Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)	De Donno et al. [28]
	Sack masonry wall (made of a calcareous natural stone called “pietra leccese” and “tuffo” blocks)		✓		Negri and Aiello [29]
	Travertine panel (with a mortar layer)		✓		Leucci et al. [30]
	Reinforced concrete		✓		Gehrig et al. [22]; Pérez-Gracia et al. [31]; Bavusi et al. [32]
	Limestone walls (wine cellar buildings)		✓	Terrestrial laser scanning	Villarino et al. [33]
Detection of delamination and detachments	Plastered three-leaf stone masonry walls	✓	✓		Cotič et al. [34]
	Concrete structures	✓			Cotič et al. [35]
	Mortar board, extrapolated to building scale	✓			Bauer et al. [25]
	White ceramic tiles and colored ceramic tiles	✓			Lourenço et al. [36]; Garrido et al. [37]
	Plastered walls	✓			Barreira et al. [38]
Detection and localization of rebar	Reinforced concrete structures	✓			Keo et al. [39]
		✓		Eddy current technique	Szymanik et al. [40]
	Concrete components (wall, column, beam, and floor of the buildings)		✓	Microwave tomography, ElectroMagnetic induction (EMI)	Pérez-Gracia et al. [31]; Bavusi et al. [32]; Pérez-Gracia et al. [21]; Zhou et al. [41]; Xiang et al. [42]; Liu et al. [43]; Xiang et al. [44]
	Reinforced concrete (RC) pavement (servicing a manufacturing facility)		✓		Gehrig et al. [22]
	Reinforced concrete column beyond a double wall of hollow bricks		✓		De Domenico et al. [45]
Detection of rebar corrosion	Reinforced concrete (inner roof surface of a military battery)	✓	✓		Solla et al. [46]
	Epoxy coated and uncoated rebar in concrete	✓			Baek et al. [47]; Na and Paik [48]; Goffin et al. [49]
	Reinforced concrete (floors and curtain walls)		✓		Núñez-Nieto et al. [20]; Taştan et al. [50]
	Concrete slabs (underground parking garage)		✓		Dinh et al. [51]
Monitoring of subsidence and settlement phenomenon (floors and façade panels contain cracks)	Shallow foundations (precast (RC) buildings)		✓	ERT and geotechnical drillings	Capozzoli et al. [52]
	Heavy loaded RC pavement servicing a manufacturing facility		✓	Geotechnical studies (dynamic probing super heavy (DPSH) and standard penetration test (SPT) tests)	Solla et al. [53]