Review of InfraRed Thermography and Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications for Building Assessment

Table 3

Summary table of the state-of-the-art of IRT and GPR techniques applied to energy and well-being conservation in the building sector.

Application	Materials	IRT	GPR	Other NDTs	References
Estimation of thickness	Two-layered thermally thin structure	✓			Jena and Gupta [54]
	Reinforced concrete base (slab; foundation floor)		✓		Gehrig et al. [22]; Pérez-Gracia et al. [31]; Núñez-Nieto et al. [20]
	Casted concrete with embedded rebars		✓	EMI	Zhou et al. [41]
	Hollow bricks (wall)		✓		De Domenico et al. [45]; Pérez-Gracia et al. [21]
	Metal and wooden beams (roof)		✓		Pérez-Gracia et al. [21]
	Limestone walls (wine cellar buildings)		✓	Terrestrial laser scanning	Villarino et al. [33]
Inspection of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system	Tiling coating and parquet	✓	✓		Lagüela et al. [55]
Detection of moisture	Masonry wall (brick & stone)	✓	✓		Garrido et al. [18]
	White plaster walls in different buildings (indoor) and a concrete building façade (outdoor)	✓			Garrido et al. [56]
	White ceramic tiles and colored ceramic tiles	✓			Lourenço et al. [36]; Garrido et al. [37]
	Adhered ceramic building façades	✓		Surface moisture meter	Edis et al. [57]
	Different parts of buildings, both from inside (plaster) and outside (concrete)	✓			Garrido et al. [58]
	Tuff bricks wall		✓	Laser scanning	Agliata et al. [59]
	Reinforced concrete		✓		Pérez-Gracia et al. [31]
Detection of thermal bridges	From semi-detached two-story brick buildings, to five-story self-standing brick buildings	✓		Photogrammetry	Garrido et al. [60]
	Controlled test chamber	✓			O’Grady et al. [61, 62]; Baldinelli et al. [63]
	Brick building façade	✓			Sfarra et al. [64]; Kim et al. [65]
	Different parts of buildings, both from inside (plaster) and outside (concrete)	✓			Garrido et al. [58]
	Rendered brick façade and vibrated concrete rough block façade	✓		Photogrammetry	Antón and Amaro-Mellado [66]
Estimation of U-value	Single-leaf brick and mortar walls and multi-leaf brick and mortar walls	✓		Heat flux meter	Tejedor et al. [67]
	Thick massive laminated spruce timber walls with different thicknesses	✓		Heat flux meter	Danielski and Fröling [68]
	Timber (light) and brick (heavy) structures	✓		Heat flux meter	Albatici et al. [69]
	Building rooftops	✓		Heat flux meter	Patel et al. [70]
	Insulated wood-framed wall assemblies	✓			Mahmoodzadeh et al. [71]
	Single-leaf lightweight concrete walls and heavy lightweight concrete multi-leaf walls	✓		Heat flux meter	Tejedor et al. [72]
	Brick building	✓		Laser scanning	Lagüela et al. [73]
	Concrete building, and glass and wood building	✓		Laser scanning, photogrammetry	González-Aguilera et al. [74]
	Building with lightweight material	✓		Photogrammetry	Natephra et al. [75]
Detection of air infiltration	A room with plaster walls of a residential multi-story building	✓		Blower door test	Lerma et al. [76]
		✓		Blower door test	Barreira et al. [77]
	An office with plaster walls of a three-story building	✓		Photoacoustic gas analyzer	Liu et al. [78]
	Timber-framed building envelope joints	✓		Blower door test	Kalamees et al. [79]
	Controlled test chamber	✓			Gil-Valverde et al. [80]; Royuela-del-Val et al. [81]