|
Application | Materials | IRT | GPR | Other NDTs | References |
|
Estimation of thickness and quality of walls | Limestone | ✓ | ✓ | Laser scanning, aerial surveying | Solla et al. [82] |
Stone building façade | ✓ | | Ultrasonic technique | Diana and Fais [83] |
Brick wall covered with marble | | ✓ | Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) | Yalçıner et al. [84] |
Limestone | | ✓ | Seismic tomography | Pérez-Gracia et al. [85] |
Masonry walls | | ✓ | | Rasol et al. [86] |
Masonry of bricks | | ✓ | | Cintra et al. [87] |
|
Detection of hidden targets or structural elements | Two-story houses with gabled roofs, masonry brick, and stucco | ✓ | | | Glavaš et al. [88] |
Small pieces of roughed-hewn stones to build masonry and calcareous materials | ✓ | | | Sfarra et al. [89] |
Stone and plaster walls | ✓ | | | Ibarra-Castanedo et al. [90] |
Stones walls | | ✓ | Laser scanning | Santos-Assunçao et al. [91] |
Masonry of bricks | | ✓ | | Cintra et al. [87] |
|
Detection of delamination, cracking and cavities in walls/façade and columns | Lime plaster base with a thin layer of visible stucco marble | ✓ | | | Arndt [92] |
Plaster layer over a support of marble, tuff with plaster | ✓ | | Geophysical techniques | Carlomagno et al. [93] |
Small pieces of roughed-hewn stones to build masonry and calcareous materials | ✓ | | | Sfarra et al. [89] |
Stone and plaster walls | ✓ | | | Ibarra-Castanedo et al. [90] |
Brick wall covered with marble | | ✓ | UPV | Yalçıner et al. [84] |
Rubble filled stone walls | | ✓ | | Johnston et al. [94] |
Limestone | | ✓ | Seismic tomography | Pérez-Gracia et al. [85] |
Masonry walls | | ✓ | Ultrasonic and flat-jack test | Guadagnuolo et al. [95] |
Plastered and painted | | ✓ | | Işık et al. [96] |
Stone and brick walls | | ✓ | Microwave tomography | Catapano et al. [97] |
|
Detection of moisture in façade, walls, columns, and pavements | Granite, bricks and limestone | ✓ | ✓ | Electrical conductivity meter (EC), relative humidity (RH)/temperature (T) monitoring by means of data loggers (DL), wireless sensor networks (WSN) | Martínez-Garrido et al. [98] |
Masonry façade | ✓ | ✓ | Laser leveling (LL), ambient vibration testing (AVT) | Diz-Mellado et al. [99] |
Brick wall and concrete wall | ✓ | | | Garrido et al. [100] |
Two-story houses with gabled roofs, masonry brick and stucco | ✓ | | | Glavaš et al. [88] |
Marble, granite, and breccias | | ✓ | Microclimatic investigation | Cataldo et al. [101] |
Plastered and painted walls and dome | | ✓ | | Işık et al. [96] |
Rough stone building | ✓ | | Laser scanning | Nardi et al. [102] |
|
Detection of moisture and detachment behind mosaics, marquetries, paintings, statues, and frescoes | Frescoed wall | ✓ | ✓ | Structure-from-motion photogrammetry (SfM) | Danese et al. [103] |
Mural paintings (frescoes) | ✓ | | | Cadelano et al. [104] |
Wall paintings | ✓ | | | Mouhoubi et al. [105] |
Tessellatum mosaic | ✓ | | | Garrido et al. [106] |
Wooden marqueterie | ✓ | | | Chulkov et al. [107]; Garrido et al. [108] |
Covered walls made of bricks | | ✓ | UPV | Yalçıner et al. [84] |
Tesserae mosaic pavement | | ✓ | | Calia et al. [109] |
Marble statue | ✓ | | Laser scanning | Campione et al. [110] |
|
Study of the structural integrity of wall foundation, floors, and soil system (zonification, cavities, subsidence, etc.) | Masonry façade | ✓ | ✓ | LL, AVT | Diz-Mellado et al. [99] |
First case: natural and anthropic filling Second case: loose alluvial and pyroclastic soils | | ✓ | Electrical ResisTivity (ERT) | Evangelista et al. [111] |
Stone-block walls | | ✓ | ElectroStatic (ES) quadrupole test | Dabas et al. [112] |
Alluvial soil | | ✓ | Ultrasonic and flat-jack test | Guadagnuolo et al. [95] |
Reinforced concrete floor | | ✓ | | Işık et al. [96] |
Floor layers: stone tiles, reinforced concrete screed, floor heating, thermal insulation, cross-reinforced concrete slab, sand backfill | | ✓ | | Rucka et al. [113] |
|
Inspection of timber floor/ceiling and location of beams | Wooden | ✓ | | | Martínez and Martínez [114] |
Wooden | | ✓ | Drilling and penetration resistance, accelerometers for seismic measurements | Fontul et al. [115] |
|
Inspection of basement | Brick and plaster masonry | ✓ | | Capacitive moisture meter | Balík et al. [116] |
Basement roof supported by cast-iron columns (reinforced bars) | | ✓ | | González-Drigo et al. [117] |
Almost flat rooftop with interior vaults and columns | | ✓ | | Rasol et al. [86] |
|