Effect of Agricultural Crop Wastes as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production

Table 4

Chemical composition of groundnut leaves’ ashes (GNA).

Chemical compositions (oxides %)	Authors
	Nwofor and Sule [52]	Usman et al. [50]	Buari et al. [51]
Country	Nigeria	Nigeria	Nigeria
SiO2	16.21	31.80	32.60
Al2O3	5.93	10.12	16.02
Fe2O3	1.80	5.03	14.21
CaO	8.69	20.79	8.69
MgO	6.74	8.77	2.74
SO3	6.21	2.46	1.21
K2O	15.75	2.07	18.73
Na2O	9.02	0.09	0.04
LOI	—	7.95	4.20
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3	23.94	46.95	62.83
ASTM standard	Not satisfied	Not satisfied	Class C