Research Article
Settlement Analysis of Pipe Culvert Situated in Soft Clay Treated with Prefabricated Vertical Drains
Table 1
Material properties used for the numerical model.
| | Parameters | Soft clay | Sand drain | Gravel fill |
| | Elastic modulus (MPa) | 6 | 30 | 80 | | Poisson's ratio | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.25 | | Friction angle (o) | 0 | 36 | 40 | | Cohesion (kPa) | 40 | 0 | 0 | | Dilation angle (o) | 0 | 6 | 10 | | Unit weight (kN/m3) | 16 | 18.6 | 20 | | Coefficient of permeability (m/s) | 10−7 | 10−6 | 10−4 | | Compression index, Cc | 1.3 | — | — | | Recompression index, Cr | 12 | — | — | | Slope of critical state line, M | 0.179 | — | — | | Lambda, λ | 0.1486 | — | — | | Kappa, κ | 0.00956 | — | — | | Initial void ratio, eo | 0.351 | — | — | | Layer thickness (m) | 12 | 1 | 6 |
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