Water Quality Prediction Based on Hybrid Deep Learning Algorithm

Table 1

Performance metrics of the variable methods.

Features	Method	RMSE	MAE	MAPE	R^2
Dissolved oxygen	ANN	0.247	0.199	0.175	0.91
	BPNN	0.179	0.139	0.119	0.90
	RNN	0.135	0.092	0.079	0.89
	LSTM–GWO–FSO	0.083	0.055	0.044	0.94
COD	ANN	0.059	0.038	0.291	0.902
	BPNN	0.049	0.029	0.191	0.91
	RNN	0.039	0.021	0.142	0.93
	LSTM–GWO–FSO	0.016	0.011	0.080	0.95
NH3─N	ANN	0.015	0.014	0.598	0.92
	BPNN	0.013	0.011	0.219	0.915
	RNN	0.008	0.007	0.149	0.925
	LSTM–GWO–FSO	0.0055	0.0045	0.128	0.94