Freezing Damage Control of Railway Subgrade Miniature Shields in Cold Climatic Regions: Construction Technology Optimization via Numerical Simulation

Figure 14

Construction conditions with various interval-to-pipe diameter ratios: (a) 0; (b) 1; (c) 2; (d) 3; and (e) 4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)