Freezing Damage Control of Railway Subgrade Miniature Shields in Cold Climatic Regions: Construction Technology Optimization via Numerical Simulation

Table 2

Physical and mechanical parameters of Xining–Geermu Railway bed fillers.

Filling properties	Measured value
Specific gravity of soil particles (G)	2.70
Density (kg/m^3)	2300
Moisture content (%)	25–40
Cohesion (kPa)	40
Internal friction angle (°)	18
Modulus of elasticity (MPa)	30
Poisson’s ratio per μ	0.20