Freezing Damage Control of Railway Subgrade Miniature Shields in Cold Climatic Regions: Construction Technology Optimization via Numerical Simulation

Table 3

Material parameters of each structure.

Structure	Density (kg/m^3)	Modulus of elasticity, E (MPa)	Poisson’s ratio μ
Ballast	2,200	700	0.26
Base bed filler	2,300	30	0.2
Concrete	2,100	34,500	0.25
Steel pipe	7,850	210,000	0.25
PE tube	2,000	1.07	0.41