Research Article
Hybridization of Machine Learning Algorithms and an Empirical Regression Model for Predicting Debris-Flow-Endangered Areas
Table 3
Performance metrics of all the predictive models under fivefold cross-validation.
| Model | Training data | Testing data | R2 | RMSE | MAE | R2 | RMSE | MAE |
| CR1 | NLRM | 0.804 | 0.086 | 0.057 | 0.575 | 0.057 | 0.047 | MARS | 0.783 | 0.062 | 0.045 | 0.457 | 0.070 | 0.055 | RF | 0.916 | 0.044 | 0.031 | 0.556 | 0.060 | 0.050 | SVM | 0.669 | 0.079 | 0.051 | 0.573 | 0.059 | 0.049 | MARS–NLRM | 0.818 | 0.052 | 0.034 | 0.715 | 0.048 | 0.036 | RF–NLRM | 0.871 | 0.044 | 0.029 | 0.717 | 0.044 | 0.030 | SVM–NLRM | 0.774 | 0.058 | 0.031 | 0.732 | 0.042 | 0.031 |
| CR2 | NLRM | 0.770 | 0.083 | 0.056 | 0.638 | 0.076 | 0.054 | MARS | 0.696 | 0.071 | 0.052 | 0.747 | 0.061 | 0.048 | RF | 0.913 | 0.044 | 0.032 | 0.722 | 0.066 | 0.049 | SVM | 0.661 | 0.077 | 0.050 | 0.619 | 0.076 | 0.056 | MARS–NLRM | 0.749 | 0.057 | 0.036 | 0.688 | 0.056 | 0.035 | RF–NLRM | 0.859 | 0.043 | 0.028 | 0.727 | 0.051 | 0.035 | SVM–NLRM | 0.746 | 0.057 | 0.036 | 0.702 | 0.054 | 0.033 |
| CR3 | NLRM | 0.768 | 0.078 | 0.053 | 0.292 | 0.104 | 0.069 | MARS | 0.772 | 0.062 | 0.049 | 0.115 | 0.117 | 0.084 | RF | 0.920 | 0.040 | 0.029 | 0.252 | 0.101 | 0.073 | SVM | 0.633 | 0.080 | 0.056 | 0.233 | 0.110 | 0.072 | MARS–NLRM | 0.850 | 0.050 | 0.033 | 0.542 | 0.074 | 0.045 | RF–NLRM | 0.899 | 0.041 | 0.028 | 0.543 | 0.074 | 0.047 | SVM–NLRM | 0.840 | 0.052 | 0.031 | 0.540 | 0.078 | 0.041 |
| CR4 | NLRM | 0.801 | 0.081 | 0.052 | 0.553 | 0.092 | 0.065 | MARS | 0.670 | 0.073 | 0.055 | 0.476 | 0.103 | 0.070 | RF | 0.913 | 0.044 | 0.032 | 0.590 | 0.082 | 0.061 | SVM | 0.621 | 0.080 | 0.055 | 0.371 | 0.127 | 0.081 | MARS–NLRM | 0.785 | 0.051 | 0.033 | 0.719 | 0.068 | 0.044 | RF–NLRM | 0.857 | 0.042 | 0.027 | 0.744 | 0.061 | 0.041 | SVM–NLRM | 0.738 | 0.056 | 0.032 | 0.715 | 0.065 | 0.039 |
| CR5 | NLRM | 0.660 | 0.065 | 0.056 | 0.840 | 0.076 | 0.051 | MARS | 0.583 | 0.072 | 0.054 | 0.517 | 0.257 | 0.150 | RF | 0.886 | 0.041 | 0.030 | 0.597 | 0.115 | 0.069 | SVM | 0.570 | 0.075 | 0.049 | 0.494 | 0.125 | 0.072 | MARS–NLRM | 0.713 | 0.055 | 0.034 | 0.861 | 0.060 | 0.035 | RF–NLRM | 0.831 | 0.043 | 0.029 | 0.763 | 0.081 | 0.043 | SVM–NLRM | 0.700 | 0.057 | 0.032 | 0.769 | 0.078 | 0.038 |
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