Enhancing Seismic Performance: A Comprehensive Study on Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Structures Considering Soil Properties and Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 1

Soil profile type classification for seismic amplification based on Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004 E) [36].

Ground type	General description	Average shear wave velocity to 30 m (m/s)
A	Rock or other rock-like geological formations, including at most 5 m of weaker material at the surface	>800
B	Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several tens of meters in thickness, are characterized by a gradual increase in mechanical properties with depth	360–800
C	Deep deposits of dense or medium-dense sand, gravel, or stiff clay with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meters	180–360
D	Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil	<180
E	A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with vs values of type C or D and thickness varying between about 5 and 20 m, underlain by stiffer material with vs. > 800 m/s	—
	Deposits consisting, of or containing a layer at least 10 m thick, of soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > 40) and high-water content	<100 (indicative)
	Deposits of liquefiable soils, sensitive clays, or any other soil profile not included in types A–E	—