Arabic Sentiment Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 3

Preprocessing steps conducted in the reviewed articles.

Reference	Preprocessing
[17]	Normalization, POS tagging
[24–27]	Stemming
[28–33]	Text cleaning
[34–39]	Normalization, stemming, stop words removal
[40–42]	Text cleaning, normalization, stemming, stop words removal
[43–45]	Normalization
[16–48]	Text cleaning, normalization, tokenization, stemming, stop words removal
[49–52]	Normalization, tokenization
[53, 54]	Text cleaning, normalization, tokenization
[55, 56]	Normalization, tokenization, POS tagging
[13, 57–64]	Normalization, tokenization, stemming, stop words removal
[65, 66]	Normalization, tokenization, stemming, lemmatization
[67, 68]	Text cleaning, normalization, tokenization, stemming
[69]	Text cleaning, tokenization, stemming, negation detection
[70–78]	Tokenization, stemming, stop words removal
[79]	Normalization, stop words removal
[80]	Tokenization, POS tagging, stemming
[81]	Stemming, stop words removal, irony detection
[15, 82]	Tokenization, stop words removal
[83]	Normalization, tokenization, POS tagging, stemming, stop words removal
[84, 85]	Normalization, POS tagging, stemming, stop words removal
[14, 86, 87]	Text cleaning, stemming
[88, 89]	Tokenization, stemming
[90]	Text cleaning, normalization
[91, 92]	Text cleaning, tokenization, stemming, stop words removal
[93]	POS tagging, lemmatization
[94]	Normalization, segmentation, stemming, stop words removal
[95, 96]	Text cleaning, normalization, stop words removal
[18, 97, 98]	Text cleaning, normalization, tokenization, POS tagging
[99]	POS tagging
[100]	POS tagging, stemming, stop words removal
[101]	Tokenization, stop words removal, named entity recognition
[102]	Normalization, tokenization, stop words removal
[103]	Negation detection
[104]	Text cleaning, stemming, stop words removal, negation detection
[105]	Segmentation, stemming
[106]	Text cleaning, POS tagging, named entity recognition
[107]	Text cleaning, normalization, tokenization, stop words removal