Some Criteria of the Knowledge Representation Method for an Intelligent Problem Solver in STEM Education

Table 1

Current criteria of knowledge representation for IPS.

Criteria	Current	Novelty in this paper
Usability (completeness)	This criterion is the completeness criterion for intelligent software requirements specification standards. It concerns the requirement for building knowledge bases of intelligent systems. The knowledge representation method can represent the components of ITS entirely by using this criterion. However, the current meaning of this criterion does not aim to design the IPS.	In practice, a knowledge domain has many levels, especially the educational knowledge. In this study, the criteria have been classified into levels. Each level has the meaning of being suitable with requirements for designing the knowledge base of each IPS
Formality	The meaning of the criterion only orients to build formal models, and it did not mention the application in real-world knowledge domain; (i) Formal logic methods are proper to meet this criterion [22, 23]. However, those methods cannot represent real-world knowledge, especially the knowledge of courses; (ii) Algebraic approach is a method based on the mathematical structures. They are classical algebraic structures [24]. However, this criterion does not mention the ability of reasoning and explaining in the problem-solving process	Research the criterion being suitable to apply in practice and ensure the theoretical foundation. This criterion includes: (i) Criteria about theoretical foundation for constructing components of the knowledge model. The structure of those components can be used to design algorithms for reasoning; (ii) Criteria can be used to build practical, intelligent systems, especially for IPS in courses
Set of criteria for software requirements specification	Those criteria are used to evaluate standards according to the unique characteristics of specific combinations of software development projects [21]; However, those criteria are not suitable for the characteristics of intelligent educational software: naturalness and pedagogy	Build the criteria for software development to adapt to the pedagogical criteria of the intelligent learning system.