Appling the Roulette Wheel Selection Approach to Address the Issues of Premature Convergence and Stagnation in the Discrete Differential Evolution Algorithm

Table 10

Ranks.

		N	Mean rank	Sum of ranks
Best gap by EDDE algorithm—best gap by DDE algorithm	Negative ranks	30^a	16.48	494.50
	Positive ranks	1^b	1.50	1.50
	Ties	0^c
	Total	31

^aBest gap by EDDE algorithm < best gap by DDE algorithm. ^bBest gap by EDDE algorithm > best gap by DDE algorithm. ^cBest gap by EDDE algorithm = best gap by DDE algorithm.