Appling the Roulette Wheel Selection Approach to Address the Issues of Premature Convergence and Stagnation in the Discrete Differential Evolution Algorithm

Table 11

Test statistics^a.

	Best gap by EDDE algorithm—best gap by DDE algorithm
Z	−4.831^b
Asymp. sig. (2-tailed)	0.000

^aWilcoxon signed ranks test. ^bBased on positive ranks.