The Chemistry of Bioconjugation in Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery System

Table 1

Types of covalent ligand-carrier bindings.

Name	Functional group of nanocarrier	Functional group of ligand	Conditions of process	Literature
Amide group	Carboxylic	Primary amine	EDC, NHS, pH 7.5–8.5, 2–24 h, 4°C lub RT	[98, 102–108]
Thioether group	Maleimide	Thiol	pH > 7, 4–24 h, RT	[102, 111–117]
Acetyl-hydrazone group	Hydrazide	Hydroxylic	24 h, 5-6°C	[124]
Disulfide group	Thiol	Thiol	pH 8.0, 2–24 h, 4°C or RT	[120]
Diels-Alder	Furan	Maleimide	pH 5.5, 2–6 h, 37°C	[125, 126]
“Click chemistry” (HDC)	Azide	Alkyne	Cu (I), RT, 2-3 h	[131–134]
Staudinger	Azide	Triphosphine	PBS, pH 7.4, 6 h, RT	[135]
Schiff’s base	Primary amine	Aldehyde	pH 9.2, RT	[138]