Effects of Low Ag Doping on Physical and Optical Waveguide Properties of Highly Oriented Sol-Gel ZnO Thin Films

Figure 5

2D and 3D AFM images of Ag doped ZnO thin films: (a) 0.0 at.% Ag, (b) 0.3 at.% Ag, (c) 0.5 at.% Ag, (d) 0.7 at.% Ag, and (e) 0.9 at.% Ag.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)