Shape-Dependent Energy of an Elliptical Jellium Background

Ciftja, Orion; Escamilla, LeDarion; Mills, Ryan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/851356

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 851356 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/851356

Shape-Dependent Energy of an Elliptical Jellium Background

Orion Ciftja,¹LeDarion Escamilla,¹and Ryan Mills¹

Academic Editor: Sergei Sergeenkov

Received07 Apr 2015

Accepted27 Apr 2015

Published17 May 2015

Abstract

The jellium model is commonly used in condensed matter physics to study the properties of a two-dimensional electron gas system. Within this approximation, one assumes that electrons move in the presence of a neutralizing background consisting of uniformly spread positive charge. When properties of bulk systems (of infinite size) are studied, shape of the jellium domain is irrelevant. However, the same cannot be said when one is dealing with finite systems of electrons confined in a finite two-dimensional region of space. In such a case, geometry and shape of the jellium background play a role on the overall properties of the system. In this work, we assume that the region where the electrons are confined is represented by a jellium background charge with an elliptical shape. It is shown that, in this case, the Coulomb self-energy of the elliptically shaped region can be exactly calculated in closed analytical form by using suitable mathematical transformations. The results obtained reveal the external influence of geometry/shape on the properties of two-dimensional systems of few electrons confined to a small finite region of space.

The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) model has received a great deal of attention in condensed matter physics due to the richness and complexity of the emerging phenomena associated with it. The variety of possible scenarios makes this model fascinating from a theoretical and experimental point of view. In particular, a 2DEG in a strong perpendicular magnetic field has come to the forefront of current research as a result of the discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) [1, 2] and the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) [3–7] phenomena. Any theoretical model for a 2DEG is required to guarantee the overall charge neutrality of the system. The simplest way to satisfy this condition is to assume that electrons move in presence of a charge neutralizing background. A common approach is to adopt the so-called “jellium” approximation. Within this approximation, one assumes that the neutralizing positive charge is uniformly spread in a two-dimensional (2D) region that contains the electrons. The whole system of electrons in presence of a uniformly charged positive background is, thus, seen as a 2DEG system in the jellium approximation. One typically assumes a uniform finite density for the system, , where is the number of electrons and is the area of the 2D system. In the thermodynamic limit, both and , though their ratio is finite. The 2DEG jellium model is widely studied in condensed matter physics with the main interest in the thermodynamic limit [8–10]. Based on the above consideration, one immediately concludes that the shape chosen for the jellium background is irrelevant when it comes to studies of properties of the system in the thermodynamic limit.

However, there have been recent developments in the field of nanotechnology that make possible the fabrication of finite systems of few electrons confined in a finite 2D domain [11–16]. Typical experimental techniques involve placement of patterned gate electrodes, or etching on a bulk 2DEG system so that a small finite area of the sample is depleted of almost all electrons except for the few ones targeted for confinement. This domain depleted of electrons can be modeled as a positively uniformly charged finite background. Since now this domain is finite, its shape that is generally determined from the given experimental setup matters. Hence, studies of finite system of electrons are sensitive to the geometry of the background in contrast to the treatment of their counterparts in the thermodynamic limit. As a result, the properties of a finite 2DEG reflect the shape chosen for the positive background domain [17, 18] for the case under consideration. For example, in a typical semiconductor quantum dot system of few electrons, one typically assumes circular symmetry for the confinement region. However, many times the experimental setup is such that the confinement region where the electrons are trapped is noncircular. In such a case, the shape of such domain will affect the properties of a finite system. In this work, we assume that the area occupied by electrons is noncircular and has an elliptical shape. The objective is to calculate exactly the Coulomb self-energy of a uniformly charged jellium background with elliptical shape. This calculation is a necessary step in order to calculate accurately the total energy of a finite 2DEG confined to a domain with elliptical shape. Analytical results derived can be used in systematic studies of the properties of finite 2DEG of electrons embedded in a neutralizing background with elliptical shape.

We consider a uniformly charged 2D domain with elliptical shape (elliptical plate) with area , where is the semimajor axis, is the semiminor axis, and . This region contains a uniformly distributed positive charge, . Thus, the uniform surface charge density is given as We assume Coulomb interaction between elementary charges and and write the expression for the self-energy of the elliptical domain as where is Coulomb’s electric constant, () are 2D position vectors, and is the elliptical domain of integration: Note that the calculation in (2) involves a nontrivial four-dimensional integral over a noncircular (elliptical) domain. The calculation of the quantity in (2) is facilitated if we use the general 2D Fourier transform formula: Substitution of the expression from (4) into (2) gives We see now that the full solution of the problem involves the calculation of the following integral: In order to calculate the above integral, we introduce two new variables: For this set of new variables, the ellipse appears as a unit circle: In terms of new variables, where the domain of integration, , is a unit circle. In order to simplify the notation, let us define two new vectors, and which have the following vector components: With this notation, the expression in (9) can be written as where is the angle between and and The angular integration gives a term that involves the th order Bessel function; thus, where we used the well-known formula: At this point, we proved that two of the integrals appearing in (5) have the form where is related to through the relations specified in (10). Thus, the expression for self-energy in (5) can now be written as We recall that the domain of integration of includes the whole -space. To simplify the integration in (16), we change to polar coordinates and write In terms of and , the variable is After rewriting (16) in polar coordinates, we obtain Since the order of integration is irrelevant, we choose to perform, first, the integration relative to the variable, , and then the angular integration. For simplicity, let us denote where is a term that depends only on the angular variable, but not . It turns out the integration over the variable is rather standard and results in Based on this result, (19) becomes The denominator of the integrand in the expression above can be written as where represents the following shape-dependent parameter: Note that satisfies the condition since . Simple integral formulas involving trigonometric functions allow us to rewrite (22) as Thus, the final expression for the self-energy becomes where represents the complete elliptical integral of the first kind [19, 20]. Special limiting values of this function are and .

At this juncture, we write the expression in (26) as This way we can compare our result above to an earlier expression (denoted as ) reported by Keller et al. [21] obtained through a different direct integration method: The following formula for complete elliptic integrals of the first kind (with , any two numbers) applies With this transformation, our result in (28) can be rewritten as A comparison of (31) to (29) seems to suggest that that the previous result reported in [21], namely, (29), contains a possible typo and should be corrected as in (31) [by replacing “” with “” in the denominator of the argument of the function appearing in (29)].

A uniformly charged ellipse turns into a uniformly charged disk with radius for the special case of . As a result, (26) reduces to the known result of the electrostatic self-energy of a uniformly charged disk [22] that reads where is the total charge, is the radius of the disk, and is Coulomb’s electric constant.

To conclude, in this work we focused our attention on a finite 2D jellium model with an elliptical shape. We show that in such a case the Coulomb self-energy of the positive background can be analytically calculated in closed form by using simple mathematical transformations. The results derived can be used in systematic studies of the properties of finite systems of electrons embedded in a elliptically shaped background of uniform positive charge. One can also use the above formulas to derive exact expressions for systems of few electrons in an elliptical geometry and compare such results to corresponding systems of few electrons in a disk geometry [23–25] or other geometries. This way, one can study the influence of the shape of the confinement domain on the overall properties of the finite 2D system. Studies of a finite 2DEG of this nature may reveal subtle effects arising from the influence of a noncircular shape on the overall properties of the system of few embedded electrons in a uniformly charged background.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by US Army Research Office (ARO) Grant no. W911NF-13-1-0139 and National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants nos. DMR-1104795 and DMR-1410350.

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Copyright © 2015 Orion Ciftja et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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