Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Vanadium-Doped SnO₂ Nanoparticles in Rhodamine B Degradation

Figure 1

Schematic diagram showing the charge carrier dynamic upon irradiation of a semiconductor. (1) Electron transport to the surface; (2) hole transport to the surface; (3) surface recombination; (4) bulk recombination; (5) electron transfer to an acceptor molecule; (6) hole trapping by a donor molecule.