Kynurenic Acid Protects against Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Table 1

Content of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in hepatoprotective herbal medicines.

Brand and supplier	Herbal ingredients	Content of KYNA (μg/tablet)	Maximum daily dose (tablets/day)	KYNA content in a maximum daily dose (μg/day)
Hepato Protect; A-Z Medica, Gdańsk, Poland	Cynara scolymus L. 0.2 g; Polygoni avicularis 0.075 g	4.59	2	9.2
Cynarex; Herbapol, Wrocław, Poland	Cynarae herbae extractum siccum—5 : 1 (extractant : ethanol)—0.25 g	2.34	6	14.0
Sylicinar; Herbapol, Poznań, Poland	Cynarae herba extractum siccum DER3—1 : 7 (extractant : water)—0.14 g	1.05	6	6.3
Hepason Complex; ASA, Głubczyce, Poland	Cynara scolymus extractum 0.3 g	0.89	2	1.8
Hepatil Trawienie; Teva, Warszawa, Poland	Cynara scolymus extractum (cynarine 5%); Mentha piperita; Silybum marianum extractum (80% silymarin)	0.86	2	1.7
Trawienie; Hasco-Lek, Wrocław, Poland	Raphani sativi nigri radicis extractum 0.2 g; Cynarae herbae extractum 0.035 g; oleum menthae 0.015 g	0.63	3	1.9
Verdin Complexx; US Pharmacia, Wrocław, Poland	Cynarae herbae extractum 0.1 g; Folium Rosmarini extractum 0.125 mg; Curcuma longa extractum 0.02 g; oleum menthae granulatum 24% 0.00164 g	0.59	4	2.4
Silivit	Silybi mariani fructus extractum siccum—20–34 : 1 (extractant : ethanol 90%)—0.2143 g	0.33	2	0.7
Verdin Hepatixx; US Pharmacia, Wrocław, Poland	Taraxacum officinale extract 0.1 g; Curcumae longae rhizoma extract 0.0268 g; Oleum menthae granulatum 24% 0.0009 g	0.32	2	0.6
Sylimaron 100; Olimp Laboratories, Dębica, Poland	Silybi mariani fructus extractum 0.125 g	0.23	3	0.7
Entedral; Tactica, Kraków, Poland	Chamomillae extractum siccum	0.19	2	0.4
Rapacholin C; Herbapol, Wrocław, Poland	Cynae herbae extractum spissum 0.047 g; raphani sativi nigri radicis extractum siccum cum carbo activatus (1 : 1) 0.15 g; menthae piperitae oleum 0.015 g	0.15	6	0.9
Esseliv Forte; Aflofarm, Pabianice, Poland	Phospholipids from soy	0.07	6	0.4
Silimax; Filofarm, Bydgoszcz, Poland	Silibi mariani extractum siccum (silymarin 0.07 g)	0.07	3	0.2
Syliflex; Herbapol, Poznań, Polska	Silymarin-phospholipid complex	0.05	6	0.3
Essetreen Complex; Tactica, Kraków, Poland	Phospholipids from soy; Oleum Carthami	0.02	2	0.04

Data represent a mean value. Samples were determined in duplicates. SEM varied from 0.6 to 2.2% of mean value. As specified by the supplier.