Schistosoma Egg Antigen Induces Oncogenic Alterations in Human Prostate Cells

Figure 1

(a) Schistosoma eggs in urine of infected participants: (A) S. haematobium egg (terminal spine indicated with arrow) and (B) S. mansoni egg (lateral spine indicated with arrow). Eggs were visualized under an Olympus CX12 compound microscope (magnification ×20). (b) Amplification of the partial COX1 gene of Schistosoma spp. Lane M = 100 bp molecular weight marker; lane Sh⁺ = S. haematobium DNA (positive) control; lane Sm⁺ = S. mansoni DNA (positive) control; lane Sb⁺ = S. bovis DNA (positive) control; lane NC = negative control (nuclease-free water). Numbered lanes are DNA from participants’ urine samples.

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(b)