Research Article
Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretome in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Table 1
The list of the drugs which are tested as therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19.
| Therapeutic agent(s) | Mechanism of action | Expected therapeutic effect | Ref. no. |
| Antiviral drugs | Remdesivir | Inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | Suppressed spreading of SARS-CoV-2 | [7–14] | Sofosbuvir | Ribavirin | Mefuparib | Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 inhibitor | Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication | [11] | Toremifene | Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein | Inhibition of viral entry in AT2 cells | [11] | Camostat Nafamostat | Inhibitor of TMPRSS2 | Suppressed spreading of SARS-CoV-2 | [9, 10] | IFN-β-1b | Activation of interferon-stimulated genes in AT2 and immune cells | Suppressed replication and spreading of SARS-CoV-2 | [7–10] | IVIG | Antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 | Inhibition of viral entry in AT2 cells | [11] | Immunomodulatory drugs | Dexamethasone | Activation of histone deacetylase | Reduction of the harmful effects of cytokine storm | [7–11] | Sarilumab | Inhibition of IL-6:IL-6R signaling | Attenuation of IL-6-driven inflammation | [8–10] | Tocilizumab | Anakinra | Inhibition of IL-1:IL-1R signaling | Attenuation of IL-1-driven inflammation | [12] | Baricitinib | Janus kinases inhibitor | Prevention of dysregulated cytokine production | [11] | Melatonine | Upregulation of superoxide dismutase; downregulation of nitric oxide synthase; suppression of NF-κB expression | Inhibition of cytokine storm | [11] | Combined therapy | Remdesivir+Dexamethasone | [10, 11] | IVIG+IFN-β+Dexamethasone | [11] | Remdesivir+Baricitinib | [10, 11] | IFN-β-1b+Ribavirin | [11–14] |
|
|
Abbreviations: ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; TMPRSS2: transmembrane protease serine 2; AT2: alveolar type II cells; IFN-β: interferon beta; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulins; IL-6R: interleukin 6 receptor; IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B.
|