The Role of Rho GTPases in VEGF Signaling in Cancer Cells

Figure 3

Regulation of cancer hallmarks by the crosstalk between VEGF and Rho GTPase signaling pathways. The formation of cytoplasmic structures, cell migration, invasion, EMT, ROS production, and cell proliferation can be modulated by binding of VEGFA, VEGFB, or VEGFC to their corresponding VEGFR or NRP receptors. VEGFC interacts with Rho GTPases to upregulate Src and p38 MAP kinase activity. VEGFA and VEGFB modulation of cancer hallmarks involves the activation of Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors (ROCK, mDia, and p27) as well as the MAPK pathway.