Comparative Analysis of Immunoactivation by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields and PD-1 Blockade in Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Figure 1

Establishment of an orthotopic HCC model and exposure to different therapeutic procedures. (a) Schematic drawing of the study design. Mice implanted with tumor cells were randomized into 3 groups; tumors were exposed to a single nsPEF ablation, and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies were administered i.p. to mice every 3 days for a total of 3 times on day 8 after tumor implantation. On day 16, mice were sacrificed, and tumor and blood samples were collected for immune cell and cytokines detection. (b) Tumor growth on day 8 after implantation. (c) nsPEF ablation was performed with optimized parameters (300 ns, 20 kV/cm, 1000 pulses, 4 Hz).

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